Before studying in detail the design and operation of the
gas chambers, delousing or homicidal, both based on the same principle, it is
essential to study the toxic products used in them, In Auschwitz Birkenau, only
Zyklon-B was used. What is this product and what are its characteristics?
The best document for the historian concerning Zyklon B is NI-9912
(CDJC ref. CLIXa 21) [Document 5] (Page 18). It perfectly summarizes the
different characteristics of the product, its toxicity, utilization, shelf life
and how to protect people using it, It describes the complete gassing operation
(to destroy vermin) and the concentration to be used us a function of the
duration of the application. It was Faurisson who was the first to publish it,
while traditional historians had ignored it. According to Faurisson paragraph
XI point 12 and paragraph XIV point 1 are vital, since they indicate that the
premises must be ventilated for at least 20 HOURS and, according to him, this
document: |
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“demolishes all the so-called "testimonies"
without exception, on the use of Zyklon-B to kill human
beings” |
But Faurisson is not interested in the properties of
HCN (prussic or hydrocyanic acid), because these demolish two of his
"affirmations". In Krematorium I, he says that the gas chamber could not have
been next to the furnace room because there would be the risk of the HCN
exploding. The concentration used for homicidal gassing is approximately 12g/m3
and, as the risk of explosion appears at 75g/m3 (in fact as from 67.2g/g/m3),
his argument collapses for Krematorium I. It does not apply in the case of
Krematorien II and III, since the gas chambers were in the basement and the
furnaces on the ground floor, nor in IV and V, where the gas chambers were
separated from the furnaces by an airlock, the morgue/undressing room and a
vestibule.
Faurisson's second affirmation was advanced as a
desperate attempt to explain the presence of cyanides, found as a result of
toxicological analysis of the upper ventilation grills of Leichenkeller I
(underground morgue, then gas chamber of Krematorien II and III indicating the
use of HCN in these basement premises, He explains that: |
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“a morgue is disinfected using
Zyklon-B” |
Here again, he is out of luck, for HCN has no effect on
bacteria. Disinfection is not carried out with a powerful insecticide such as
Zyklon-B, but with a bactericide such as bleach.
NI 9912 won an
unexpected disciple over to Faurisson: the political cartoonist Konk. Two pages
(60 and 61) of his album Au Voleurs deal with testimonies/war
stories (60) and the ventilation of gas chambers (61 [Photo 6]. Page 60 is
excellent, and I mean that. As for page 6l, Konk has allowed himself to be
trapped by the argument of maniacs who spend their lives trying to demonstrate
that something never existed. Konk, an absolute neophyte, started to have
doubts when watching a scene of gassing at Treblinka in the film "Au nom de
tous les miens" (Interview with Konk by the newspaper "Liberation" of 8th
August 1986). He forgot that the Treblinka gas chambers used CO (carbon
monoxide), contained in the exhaust gas of a tank engine (gasoline or diesel,
both being equally deadly for humans) However, his drawing shows the
functioning of a Zyklon-B gas chamber. There is no connection between the two.
Konk should have informed himself directly at Auschwitz, so that he could have
avoided writing and drawing nonsense. His SS man pouring the Zyklon-B is not
wearing a mask. This is impossible, for he would die as soon as he opened the
can. As for the ladder leaning against the root, I do not know what Faurisson
thinks, but when ,in my article on Krematorien IV and V, I stated that an SS
man climbed a small ladder to reach the introduction windows in the gas
chambers, Faurisson called me an idiot for describing a practice which in his
opinion could lead only to "sniffings".
There remains the question
of the 20 hours, which despite appearances. is very difficult to integrate in
the picture of a homicidal gas chamber. I shall argue on the basis of
Leichenkeller I (500 to 550 cubic meters) of Krematorien II and III. The SS
chose Zyklon-B for its high degree of toxicity on warm blooded animals,
including man. The meticulous care stipulated in NI 9912 has no sense in
homicidal gassing, because this changes the situation radically The space where
the gas was used was closed and gas tight. No furniture, bedding or floor
covering. The floor, walls and ceilings were of bare concrete (except for about
twenty dummy wooden shower heads installed in the ceiling). Forced draught
ventilation would be relatively efficient in these circumstances. After 15
minutes of ventilation the air in the room would be completely renewed. A
homicidal gassing (using 5 to 7kg of Zyklon-B for 1,000 to 2,000 persons) would
last about 20minutes: 5 minutes for the action of the HCN bringing swift death
(the quantity introduced being 40 times the lethal dose) and 15 minutes of
ventilation BEFORE BEING ABLE TO OPEN THE GAS TIGHT DOOR. Although a part of
the toxic gas had been inhaled by the victims, this was negligible with respect
to the quantity remaining, due to the initial overdose.
Here, Faurisson
is right when he states that the operating sequences as described by the
witnesses give rise to an almost insurmountable difficulty. For example, Camp
Commandant Hoess and Dr. Nyiszli report EXACTLY the same sequence: pouring of
Zyklon-B through the openings In the ceiling, the pellets running down the four
wire-mesh columns and rapid diffusion of HCN by evaporation in the room
"preheated" by human body heat. In 5 or l0 minutes, everybody was dead. Then
there was a FURTHER wait of 20 to 30 minutes BEFORE switching on the
ventilation. The door was opened and the extraction of bodies commenced
immediately "sofort" This is the process as SEEN AND HEARD by witnesses. But
why wait 20 to 30 minutes after the complete death of the victims before
opening the door? This is waste of time when we consider the rapid throughput
rates Imposed by the SS, always in a hurry. Hoess and Nyiszli are mistaken as
regards the moment at which the ventilation began. It was in fact switched on
not more than 10 minutes AFTER the introduction of the gas and it was left
running FOR 20 to 30 minutes BEFORE the door was opened. The witnesses state
the contrary, and for them it is the truth. The fact is that as long as the gas
tight door remained closed, no SOUND could be heard and people could see INTO
the gas chamber only through the inspection peephole. The switching on of the
ventilation could not be heard because the motor was located in the roof space
of the Krematorium and the witnesses were in the basement. What is more, there
were five or six electric motors in the root space, three of them being used
for other ventilation systems. How was it possible to distinguish the noise of
the gas chamber ventilation motor if that of the furnace room, of the same
power, was running at the same time? In truth, the witnesses HEARD the noise of
the ventilator fans WHEN the door was opened and they had THE IMPRESSION that
the ventilation had just been switched on.
Contrary to Faurisson's
allegations, Dr. Nyiszli stresses the difficulty of eliminating the Zyklon-B
remaining, due to the initial overdose, noting that: |
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“in the crannies between the dead and the
cracks of the doors small pockets of it always remained. Even two hours later
it caused a suffocating cough (due to the warning agent] For that reason the
Sonderkommando group which first moved into the room was equipped with gas
masks” [ Auschwitz: A Doctor's eyewitness account page
48] |
This type of unimportant detail did not concern Hoess, who
was too preoccupied with his position as camp commandant and the pangs of
conscience of the SS with respect to the extermination of Jewish women and
children.
In Krematorien IV and V, whose gas chambers had only natural
ventilation, I have found only one (admittedly slight) indication in Le
cahier d'Alfred Kantor.(Stock,l972),where the illustration on page 577
shows the extraction of corpses from a ground floor gas chamber, hence
Krematorium, IV or V, by prisoners wearing gas masks. In this case, without a
mask it is obvious that the immediate handling of bodies after gassing would
end like Konk's last drawing, death for all. It must be noted that witnesses
very often do not mention details that appear so evident to them that they
forget them (for example. the guillotine type opening system of the doors of
the 8 muffle furnaces of Krematorien IV and V was not described by any former
member of the Sonderkommando)
Zyklon-B was produced by DEGESCH
(Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schadlingsbekämpfung/German pest control
company), located at 32-40 Weismüllerstrasse, Frankfurt am Main. Founded
in 1917, by the technical committee for pest control of the War Ministry of the
German Government of the time, this admittedly pacific, creation , was not
exempt from certain ulterior motives with regard to chemical warfare (the use
of HCN as a chemical weapon is always topical because of its immediate and
devastating action, making is suitable for use in the front line in order to
"clear" the terrain before an attacking army). The trade name of "Zyklon" has
been replaced by that of "Cyanosil" through changing the porous support
receiving the HCN. Photos 7, 8, 9 and
10 come from a brochure issued by Degesch in 1972. Photo 7
shows insecticide gassing in a modern flour mill and Photo 8 an older
one, using Zyklon in disk form (in the book by Joechen von Lang Eichmann
l'interrogatoire Belfond 1984, Eichmann says of Zyklon-B: “it came
in the form of cardboard disks, like beer mats”). The operators are
wearing gas masks fitted with “J” type filter cartridges (Photo
11). Photo 9 shows the three sizes of cans available, 500g, 1kg and
1.5kg (from left to right) and the alternative forms of pellets and disks. The
case in which these cans are delivered is standard, 0.72 by 0.50 by 0.36m and
contains either 12 cans of 1500g, 16 of 100g, or 30 of 500g. Photo 12
shows the label from one of these cases in 1944. Photo 10 shows the device now
used to open the cans (In Auschwitz the SS used a metal tool with one end
broadened and having teeth round the edge: the teeth fitted into the cover of
the can which came off with a sharp blow with a hammer. A faithful
demonstration of this technique can be seen in a gassing scene in Andrzej
Munk's film La Passagère but there the SS wear thick
rubber gloves to handle the Zyklon-B, while the Degesch operators do without
them). The director of Degesch |
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